J. Welles Wilder’s Parabolic Stop and Reversal is a simple study to use. The study continuously computes “stop and reverse” price points. Whenever the market penetrates this “stop and reverse” point, you liquidate your current position and take the opposite position. If long, you liquidate the long position and establish a short position. If short, you liquidate the short position and establish a long position. The Parabolic Stop and Reversal study always has you in the market.
While the calculations to derive the “stop and reverse” price are quite tedious, the concept of the study is a model of simplicity. If the trading adage, “The trend is your friend,” has merit, this study is the mathematical expression of that adage. Once you initiate a position, the Parabolic Stop and Reversal study gives the market time to move in your favor. If the market does not move in your favor, you need to stop and reverse your position. This study always has a market position.
Wilder defines the “stop and reverse” price as the SAR. The value of the SAR is a function of both time and price. When you enter a position, either long or short, the SAR value moves slowly during the first few trading intervals. This allows the market to work in your favor. But as time progresses, the SAR is either hit, or it follows the market direction in your favor. Remember, the SAR price never reverses. It moves higher or lower with the market and always in the direction of your market position. It is an automatic trailing stop.
When the market trades or touches the SAR value, you stop and reverse your position. This study works best in a trending market. You can imagine the severe whiplash that develops in a choppy, sideways market. In fact, Wilder recommends using this study in conjunction with the Directional Movement Index. The DMI helps you to determine the predominant trend of the market, and it assists you in trading the market from that side only. For a complete discussion, please refer to Wilder’s book, “New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems”.
The Parabolic Stop and Reversal study uses three values in the computations. These values affect the acceleration factor described in the Properties section. They are the initial acceleration factor, the addition factor, and the acceleration factor limit. Wilder used the values of .02,.02, and .20, respectively.
You may want to change these factors for different markets. If you do, you specify the new values in thousandths. For example, Wilder’s value for the initial acceleration factor is .02 or 20/1000. On your monitor, this value displays as 20. To change it to .03, you type the value 30 which the applet translates to 30/1000. You are encouraged to experiment with these values for the same market or for several different markets.
Properties
Acceleration Factor – the initial acceleration factor, in 1/1000. The applet uses as default of 20 (2/1000 or .02).
Acceleration Limit – the acceleration factor limit, in 1/1000. The applet uses as default of 200 (200/1000 or .20).
Computing Parabolic Stop and Reversal
The computational procedure for the Parabolic Stop and Reversal study is a logic exercise. The actual computations are quite simple. The logic to derive those computations is somewhat more complex.
You must first determine the starting point for the calculations. The applet examines the first two trading intervals on the price chart within the active window. If the close for the second trading interval exceeds the close for the first trading interval, assume a long position. Conversely, if the closing price for the second trading interval is less than the close for the first trading interval, assume a short position. This is slightly different from Wilder’s discussion, but it is the technique the applet uses to compute the study.
Once the market establishes a direction, the initial SAR becomes the extreme price for the two intervals. The extreme price is either the lowest price or highest price for the two trading intervals. The short position uses the high, and the long position uses the low.
The universal formula for the SAR is:
- SARt = SARt-1 + ( a * ( EPtrade – SARt-1) )
- SARt is the stop and reverse price for the current interval.
- SARt-1 is the stop and reverse price for the previous interval.
- a is the acceleration factor.
- EPtrade is the extreme price for the trade.
Interpretation
Before you can understand Wilder’s calculations and methodology, some terms need additional explanation. The SAR is always the “stop and reverse” price point. This is the point you liquidate your current position and establish the opposite position.
The acceleration factor, a, is a weighting factor. In Wilder’s work, the initial value for the acceleration factor is .02. The acceleration factor increases by a value of .02 each time the extreme price changes for the trade. You do not increment the acceleration factor if the extreme price fails to change. The value for a, acceleration factor, never exceeds .20 in Wilder’s methodology.
The extreme price for the trade, EP, is just that. What was the highest or lowest price achieved during this trade? If you have a long position, use new highs as the extreme price. When you have a short position, use the new lows as the extreme price. The extreme price concept allows for normal market corrections without immediately triggering the SAR price, but it keeps the SAR price moving in the direction of the market.
It allows the market to work in your favor for a brief time period, even though the market is correcting and the SAR price continues to converge with the price movement during this correction phase. Thus, the time/price factors are always at work within the parabolic study. Even if prices fail to move in your favor, the time factor continues ratchet the SAR toward current price levels.
Wilder has rules for the parabolic time/price study. They are:
First, a position is entered whenever prices penetrate the SAR. When this occurs, the new SAR becomes the extreme price from the previous trade. After the initial entry point, the applet calculates the SAR.
Next, the acceleration factor only increases when a new extreme price is set. When long, you only increment the acceleration factor when the market sets a new high, a new extreme price for the trade. Conversely, you increase the acceleration factor when new lows are made in a short position. If the extreme price does not change, you use the previous acceleration factor in the computations. Do not increase the acceleration factor. According to Wilder’s rules and methods, the acceleration factor must not exceed .20 during the life of the trade.
Lastly, the new SAR price must not enter the trading range for the current or previous interval. In a long position, the new SAR must not exceed the low for current trading interval nor may it exceed the low for the previous trading interval. When short, the new SAR never falls below the high of the current or previous trading interval. If this condition occurs, you use either the lowest value of the two lows for a long position or the highest value of the two highs for a short position for the new SAR price.
If you need further details, please read Wilder’s book, “New Concepts in Technical Trading Systems”. You may want to refer to the bibliography for additional books on technical analysis.
Content Source: FutureSource